Zabinta Mai Daidaita Na Gudummawa: Manunku, Hanyoyin Aiki da Malamari Mai Muhimmanci

Time : 2025-11-13

Gadonni suna abubuwan tattara na yin amfani da makamashi, kuma kayan aikinsu da kwaliti na nufin tallafawa suna tsayawa akan yawan shekara da rashin kuskure. Tattaunawar metallographic, ta hanyar fahimtar kayan gadonni a makroskop, tadura alamar nufin tallafawa, teburin tallafawa da wuri, kuma yana amfani da hanyar kwaliti mai mahimmanci.

Manufofin Daidaitowa da Abubuwan Ana Gadawa

Matsalolinmu mafi muhimmi a cikin tattaunawar metallographic na gadonni shine karuwa canjin aikin ta hanyar dubawa alamar da ke mahimmanci:

Teburin tallafawa: Wani alamar mafi mahimmanci ga kewayon gadonni masu tallafa/kaiwa (kamar yadda aka richa shi ne a cikin standard na ISO 6336).
Wuri: Yana buƙatar kama da kariyar gadonni da rashin kuskure (ana rangwanta shi ne bisa ASTM E112).
Makamaka: Nau'in martensite, retained austenite da carbides suna nuna tasowa.
Alamar gabata: Yaduwa kan alamar harma da kari (yana daidaita da standard na AIAG CQI-9).

Abubuwan Tsarin Kayan Dumi

Ferrite (α): Tsarin cubit na tsankanin jiki (BCC), mai rabi da kankara tare da wani yawa (~80HV), yana cikin manyan fulawa da abari mai karanci ko abari murna.
Austenite (γ): Tsarin cubit na tsankanin kwantar (FCC), mai yawa a rashin ma'ajabi kuma babu la'akar jiki, yana cikin manyan fulawa mai tsanyaya ko mai girma mai girma kamar fulawa 304 da fulawa mai girma mai manganese.
Cementite (Fe₃C): Tsarin crystal orthorhombic, mai sauƙi da kankara (~800HV) kuma yana inganta tasowa, ana samunsa cikin fulawa burtsu da fulawa mai karancin carbon.
Martensite: Tsarin cubit na tsankanin BCT (BCT), mai sauƙi (500~1000HV) ana samunsa ta quenching, an amfani da shi cikin fulawa mai quenching da fulawan adamawa.

Manyan tsarin microstructural

Nau'in microstructure	Shafukan haduwa	Bayan Aikinsa	Ayyukan Aikin Babban
Pearlite	Kurudansa mai kyau (canjin eutectoid)	Tsaro mai tsauraran strength da toughness	Fulika na raya, quenching da tempering na gir
Bainite	Quenching na tsawon karfi na wata temperature	Tsunani da kankara masu iya zama sosai yawa don pearlite	Springu, boltolin da aka tsayi tsunani
Sorbite	Tempered martensite (500~650℃)	Alaƙa mai kyau a duka wasu alabbarin	Shaftu, connecting rodoli

Hanyar testiya da hanyoyin standard

Zancewa da Ayyukan Tattara Sakon Alama

Matsayin zancewa: Tsakiyar dare (tattaunawa ma'ana na yankin ganyi), tsakiyar karami (analisis nuklear na alamu a wadanda sunna ke yanke daka), tafini (yadda za'a yi goyon takaitaccen ganyi)
Muhimmancin ayyukan tattara: Cutta → Sauƙa → Gusiya → Faraɗa → Rarraba → Dubawa ta microscope
Sauƙa: Yi amfani da rizarin epoxy don kariyar bangon (sauƙan sanyawa ta hanyar sanya wasan kula da abubuwan da suka shafi)
Faraɗa: Faraɗa zuwa 0.05μm na gabadi mai zurfi ta amfani da maras kwayar diamant domin karyawa mai dabi'u

Zaɓin Rarrabawa

Jinisar material	Rarrabin da aka kira	Ma'auri
Dare mai karbi	nital 4% (acid nitric-alcohol)	Yadda ya nuna martensite/austenite
Fulani na nitridi	Suyun picric + datsawa	Yadda ya nuna layi na nitride (misali: γ'-Fe₄N)
Gurji na fulani mai tsabo	Gudanrar suyun oxalic ta elektrolitik (10V, 20s)	Ya karkashin farko tsaki da karbaidu

Abubuwan kayan aiki masu muhimmanci don gwaji

Makrofus na ukuwa (OM)

Amai amfani: dubawa na asali na tsarin ukuwa (misali: inganta takarda ƙwayar bututu).
Shafin buƙatar: inganta 500×~1000×, tare da softek ɗin bayanan hoto (misali: Olympus Stream).

Mikroskopin Elektronin Ƙodawa (SEM)

Alamar Daidaito: Kallon ganiyan da aka samu daga cungiyoyin abubuwan mara kari (misali, MnS) da kuma ayyukan lissafi na composition ta hanyar EDS.
Misalin halin: Kwallon juyawa masu ukuwa sabila da kuzarin sulfur suka haɗuwa a cikin tallafin gearbox na sama mai amfani da ruƙiɓin baki.

Gama-gaman Hardancin Makro

Hanyar aiki: Gama-gaman hardancin Vickers (HV0.3~HV1) don ƙurjewar kurjewa na hardancin makro.
Standard: ISO 2639 yana nuna tsawon hardancin makro kamar irin kyakkyawan daga wajin zuwa kan jinsiya a 550HV1.

Tallafin Makrostructure

Makrostructures Na Iyakoki

Hanyar Aiki na Tacewa	Makrostructure Mai Kyau
Ƙarfin da Quenching	Fine acicular martensite + <10% retained austenite
Induction hardening	Cryptocrystalline martensite + uniform transition zone
Quenching and tempering	Tempered sorbite (uniform carbide distribution)

Alamarutun Masu Dadi Da Causen

Carburization ya fiye: Network carbides a kan farfado, yadda ke kara shakatawa da rishararare na farfado na dandano.
Grinding burn: Wuraren lafiya daidai suka fagosha ta hanyar pickling (ASTM E1257), tacewa ta hanyar hadawa kan nisar rawa da amfani da CBN grinding wheels.
Quenching cracks: Haɓakawa a cikin bututu masu karami (dabbaran da SEM).

Sunan Alamar	Alamar littattafai	Cibiyoyi da tasoshin su
Tsarin Widmanstätten	Ferrite acicular yin karyar dutsen	Kurudun zafi ya haifar da natsaron karamar shekara
Tsarin banded	Saffufo mai tausayin ferrite da pearlite	Zaure-roko mai tsinkawayi ya haifar da anisotropy
Ƙarin zafi	Gwajiya ko tsofowa a cikin yankin dutsi	Harshen zafi mai yawa zai haifar da kumaishin komaputa

Kafin : Takaitaccen Bayani game da Canjin Kyakkyawa na Gear

Na gaba : Sayarwa Mai Daidaita Na Gudummawa: Teknolojin Karami

Dunida Kulliyya

Bayan